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Introduction
Introduction
This page focuses on mechanisms involving the reduction of carbonyls.
Mechanisms
Mechanisms
Ketones
Ketones
The reaction of a ketone with sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
The reaction of a ketone with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH or LiAlH4)
The reaction of a ketone with ethyl Grignard
Esters
Esters
Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is not strong enough to reduce esters and carboxylic acids, so lithium aluminum hydride (LAH or LiAlH4) must be used. Grignard reagents may also be used.
The reaction of an ester with two equivalents of LAH
The reaction of an ester with excess ethyl Grignard
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